In this paper, we propose a new approach for selection of subsets of active sensors with some constraints on energy consumption and estimation error for Tracking of a target. The proposed approach exploits the decentralized estimation by using the extended information filter for target Tracking. Furthermore, a cost function is defined using spatial correlation for sensor selection. Consequently, the Spatial Split algorithm is proposed based on spatial correlation coefficients for sensor selection. At last, for high speed targets, we propose a modification on spatial split algorithm by changing the sensing range with respect to the target speed. Simulation results show that the Tracking accuracy is analogous to those of optimal estimation methods. It is also found that energy consumption decreases due to activating only necessary sensors. 

Considering that the traction system is main factor of energy consumption in the train, and amount of force required for moving the train is directly related to its speed, therefore, the optimal profile selection for the speed of the train movement, in the path between the stations and the design of the controller for accurate tracing The optimal profile of the train speed, can be a determinant of the amount of energy consumed. Control of a train includes the non-linear, uncertainty and external disturbances terms that should be considered in the design of control rules. In this thesis, we present a control strategy for Tracking optimal profile of train speed, based on the fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC). The main motive of use the Sliding Mode Control (SMC), in non-linear systems, its resistance to parametric uncertainties, unmodeled dynamics, external disturbances and as well as the simplicity of its design. However, the occurrence of chattering phenomenon is the most important limiting factors the use of this control method. In this thesis to remove the chattering, fuzzy control is used to estimate the reaching control signal and the stability of the entire system is also guaranteed on the basis of the Lyapunov stability theorem Numerical simulations using the nonlinear dynamics model of the train, despite the uncertainty and disturbance, and comparing it with the conventional SMC, show the effectiveness of the FSMC method in tracing the optimal train speed profile.

Background/Objective: White matter tractography is a non-invasive method, which reconstructs three-dimensional trajectories of the brain tracts using diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) data. Due to the partial volume effect of DTI data, some of tractography algorithms are unable to follow the correct pathways after the crossing and branching regions. The main challenge for tractography methods has been the ability to detect these regions. Fast marching techniques are capable of Tracking the fibers with wide spreading.Materials and Methods: In order to detect true fibers, an adaptive functional anisotropy (FA) weighted function is proposed to modify the speed function of these algorithms. The performance of the proposed tractography method is assessed using synthetic data and its feasibility is showed by extracting some well-known tracts using healthy human DTI datasets. Result: The percentage of the length of whole tracts extracted by our proposed method is above 85% even for a signal to noise ratio (SNR) level equal to 16. The ability of this method to detect the fiber crossing in simulation data is above 90%. Furthermore, the tractography results of some well-known tracts demonstrate the ability of the proposed methods to extract the correct pathways from the anatomical point of view.Conclusion: This method has led to great impact on the fast-marching fiber-Tracking method in propagating the tractography front in an adaptive manner. The suggested speed function can make the speed of front propagation adapted to the type of brain’s environments such as isotropic and anisotropic regions.

This paper describes the robust optimal incremental motion control of a current sensorless synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), which can be specified by any desired speed profile. The control scheme is a combination of conventional linear quadratic (LQ) feedback control method and sliding mode control (SMC). A novel sliding switching surface is employed first, that makes the states of the SynRM follow the nominal trajectories (controlled by any type of nominal controller) when the motor parameter uncertainties and the disturbance load torque exist. The SM controller has no reaching phase and produces small SMC chattering. Then, using the above Tracking controller, the well-known torque control schemes, maximum torque (MTC), constant current inductive axis control (CCIAC) and maximum power factor control (MPFC) related to the SynRM are examined below and above the base speed. Finally the validity of our proposed control scheme is verified by computer simulation results.

Background and Aim: The target Tracking tests is a known method to quantify the performance of the neuromuscular system. It has been used in several studies for evaluation of neuromuscular control strategies. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of direction and speed of isometric trunk exertion on the trunk controllability during the target Tracking tests in sagittal versus axial rotation torque plane.Materials and Methods: Twenty- two healthy subjects (13 female and 9 male) randomly performed target Tracking tasks at levels of 0% to 80% Maximum Voluntary Exertions (MVE) and seven different directions (0o, 30o, 6o …, 180o) in upright standing posture. In this study, the Tracking system included a moving target circle, which moved on a straight line in specific direction from 0 to 80% of individual MVE with speed of 5, 6 and 7% MVE/s. The direction of isometric trunk exertion was presented to participants in the real time visual feedback by a computer monitor positioned in front of them. Trunk controllability was determined by computing the control errors (Absolute Value Error from the Target [AVET], Error from the Target Path [ETP] and Error from the Target in the Target Path [ETTP]) during each performance. Analysis of variance was used to test the effect of speed and direction of isometric trunk exertion on trunk controllability.Results: The results have shown that the direction of isometric trunk exertion had significant effect on the AVET and ETTP (p=0.000) while the effect of speed and interaction between direction and speed were not significant. The error decomposition into two independent parts showed that the only direction of exertion on ETTP was significant (p=0.000) and speed of exertion on any of them (ETP and ETTP) was not significant. On the other hand, Borg scale (a simple method of rating perceived exertion) significantly affected by direction (p=0.000) and speed (p=0.000) of exertion during the target Tracking tests.Conclusion: According to the findings of the current study, the effect of direction of isometric trunk exertion on the controllability was significant. Trunk controllability was significantly decreased during rotational exertions which may impair trunk neuromuscular coordination, increasing the risk of developing low back pain.

The main goal of this paper is to find a partial occlusion robust Tracking algorithm. In addition, this algorithm should have superior performance against other Tracking challenges and should have real time operation. In according to these reasons, we propose a two stage tracker based on coarse and fine sparse representation. At first, target object appearance modeled by a dictionary consisting of PCA basis vectors and trivial templates. We apply APG_L1 solving method for this modeling. We decrease number of trivial templates to decrease computation load such that we consider one trivial template for every a by a pixels. Then, best candidates in previous stage are evaluated by PCA_L1 method in order to determine the last candidate. We compare this tracker with 5 different popular algorithms and 7 new sparse trackers using 12 datasets. We conclude that proposed tracker with 14.2 frame per second, 10.2 average pixel center error, 0.7475 average overlapped rate, has a better performance in comparison with other trackers. And therefore simulations show that proposed tracker has a better performance in both accuracy and speed in comparison to other algorithms.

In this paper, a new method is proposed for controlling the motors of ICa Sbot (IUST Cable Suspended Robot) which is a modified version of crane aiming to object handling in industrial environments. In order to provide more accurate Tracking, torque and speed of the motors are controlled simultaneously using inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics of the robot. The equations of the motors are evaluated as a look up table by conducting some special experimental tests and calibrations while their data sheets and motor parameters were not available. Required feed forward signal of the motors are estimated by the aid of inverse dynamics of the robot while its error are compensated by the aid of PID controller on the speed and torque of the motor. As a result, required (Pulse Width Modulation) PWM of the motor are exerted to produce a desired angular velocity while a specific amount of torque is applied on the motors. Not only the voltage of the motors is controlled using the mentioned PWM, but also the current are improved using the feedback control of the torques. PID gains are optimized using Ziegler-Nichols method. By the aid of the mentioned combination of feed forward and feedback controlling terms of motor speed and torque, the desired trajectory is tracked with the highest possible accuracy. The efficiency of the proposed method is eventually proved by comparing the experimental tests with simulation results.

In today's world, we are witnessing the launch, maintenance, control and exploitation of various projects. Projects that have high costs and optimal use of this capital in the current economy of the country are highly regarded by managers. On the other hand, each project is expected to achieve its predetermined goals at a specified time. Today, the necessity of rapid construction of subway lines in Tehran's metropolitan area, which is involved in severe traffic jams, is not covered by anyone. Despite the understanding of this issue by the authorities and the good actions taken so far in this direction. However, more effort and a greater determination to reach the acceptable speed in the construction and completion of metro lines is necessary. Quick implementation of projects is based on the principles of concurrent engineering, called fast Tracking, in construction projects. In the fast delivery method, solutions such as resource enhancement, synchronous engineering, overlapping phases, value engineering, teamwork by the multi-functional team, improving communication and information transfer, and accelerating decision making, using efficient contractual methods (transferring risks as Effective way, which by using the correct methods, accelerates the implementation of the project. Therefore, in this article, management strategies for implementing fast Tracking projects in the development projects of the country have been investigated.

Background: Determination of the correct working length is one of the main factors that lead to success in root canal therapy. This laboratory study aimed to compare the accuracy of conventional (F, E-speed) radiography and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) digital radiography in working length measurement.Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, access cavities were prepared in 40 extracted maxillary central incisors with straight and single canals. Size 15 K-file was introduced into the each canal until it was appeared through the apical foramen. The file was then removed and measured by a digital caliper with precision of 0.01 mm. Actual working length was considered 1 mm less than the measurement showed by the caliper (Gold standard). At the next stage, each tooth together with its related K-file was positioned in a dried skull and then, periapical conventional and digital radiographies were taken with parallel technique. All the radiographs were measured by two radiologists. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-test.Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between conventional and digital radiographies regarding working length measurement (P>0.05). Conventional and digital radiographies demonstrated significantly higher scores of working length measurement compared to the Gold standard (P<0.001).Conclusion: Although CMOS had no significant superiority over conventional radiography, if both techniques are available, using CMOS is recommended due to significant reduction of radiation dose.

In this study, the effectiveness of these measures in reduction of vehicles speed has been considered, considering the extensive use of speed humps and humps as physical traffic calming measures in Iran, especially in the northern provinces (due to high accesses, interference of social roles and displacement of road, and the significant difference between speed of vehicles and speed limit). This study was carried out to determine the relationship between geometric characteristics of humps and vehicles speed in 90 different areas of roads in eastern part of Mazandaran province. Since the studied sample consisted of all types of humps, including arches and beds and they performed in different functional classes of roads, they were categorized for better examination and Separately, each geometric feature was identified. and the speed of vehicles were determined individually around them. The speed of the vehicle was recorded at a few points before, on the humps and then it was recorded using a speedometer camera, and their dimensions were surveyed accurately by using the Total Station camera. Finally, data was evaluated using linear regression model in SPSS software and has been presented the main factors affecting vehicle speed reduction and models related to speed reduction. Considering the high number of selected humps in the study, the results of this research showed that it is possible to use these models to design and implement humps for passage speed and different specific speeds; in addition, these models could evaluate the effectiveness of the humps in speed reduction, and determine the speed profile at different distances from the humps in a high level of confidence.